Membangun Kerangka Hukum Responsif Dalam Rekonstruksi Artificial Inteligence Sebagai Strategi Menangani Risiko Dalam Ekonomi Digital

Ginting, Adi Suranta (2026) Membangun Kerangka Hukum Responsif Dalam Rekonstruksi Artificial Inteligence Sebagai Strategi Menangani Risiko Dalam Ekonomi Digital. S3 thesis, UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN INDONESIA.

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Abstract

ABSTRAK Judul : Membangun Kerangka Hukum Responsif Dalam Rekonstruksi Artificial Inteligence Sebagai Strategi Menangani Risiko Dalam Ekonomi Digital. Kata Kunci : Kecerdasan Buatan, Ekonomi Digital, Kerangka Hukum Responsif, Regulasi Teknologi, Transformasi Sosio ekonomi, Privasi Data, Etika AI, Inovasi. Perkembangan Artificial Intelligence (AI) telah mentransformasi ekonomi digital Indonesia secara signifikan, namun juga menimbulkan risiko hukum berupa kekosongan akuntabilitas atas keputusan algoritmik, potensi bias dan diskriminasi, pelanggaran privasi, serta ketidakpastian tanggung jawab hukum. Regulasi nasional yang ada masih bersifat sektoral dan belum mampu merespons karakter AI yang adaptif dan otonom, sehingga terjadi kesenjangan antara percepatan inovasi teknologi dan kapasitas hukum nasional. Penelitian ini berlandaskan pada Teori Hukum Responsif (Nonet & Selznick) sebagai kerangka utama, yang memandang hukum harus adaptif, partisipatif, dan berorientasi pada keadilan substantif. Analisis diperkuat dengan konsep code is law (Lessig), model pertanggungjawaban AI (Hallevy), dan teori sistem hukum (Friedman) untuk menilai struktur, substansi, dan budaya hukum Indonesia dalam tata kelola AI. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan mixed method yang mengintegrasikan analisis normatif, kajian komparatif internasional, survei publik, dan wawancara stakeholder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa regulasi AI di Indonesia belum menerapkan pendekatan berbasis risiko secara sistematis, belum mengatur transparansi algoritma secara memadai, serta belum menyediakan mekanisme pertanggungjawaban yang jelas. Disertasi ini merekomendasikan rekonstruksi kerangka hukum AI berbasis prinsip hukum responsif dengan pendekatan risk-based regulation, penguatan akuntabilitas algoritmik, dan koordinasi kelembagaan terpadu sebagai strategi mitigasi risiko dalam ekonomi digital Indonesia. ABSTRACT Title : Developing a Responsive Legal Framework in the Reconstruction of Artificial Intelligence as a Strategy for Managing Risks in the Digital Economy Keywords : Artificial Intelligence, Digital Economy, Responsive Legal Framework, Technology Regulation, Socio- Economic Transformation, Data Privacy, AI Ethics, Innovation. The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed Indonesia’s digital economy while simultaneously generating complex legal risks, including accountability gaps in algorithmic decision-making, potential bias and discrimination, data privacy violations, and legal uncertainty regarding liability. Existing national regulations remain sectoral and fragmented, failing to adequately respond to the adaptive and autonomous nature of AI systems. This condition reveals a structural gap between technological acceleration and the capacity of the national legal system to govern emerging risks effectively. This research is primarily grounded in the theory of Responsive Law developed by Philippe Nonet and Philip Selznick, which conceptualizes law as adaptive, participatory, and oriented toward substantive justice. The analysis is further strengthened by Lawrence Lessig’s concept of code as law, Gabriel Hallevy’s model of AI liability, and Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory to assess the structural, substantive, and cultural dimensions of AI governance in Indonesia. Employing a mixed-method approach, this study integrates normative legal analysis, comparative regulatory review, public surveys, and stakeholder interviews. The findings demonstrate that Indonesia’s AI regulation has not systematically adopted a risk-based approach, lacks adequate algorithmic transparency standards, and does not provide clear liability mechanisms for AI-related harm. This dissertation proposes the reconstruction of an AI legal framework grounded in Responsive Law principles, incorporating risk-based regulation, strengthened algorithmic accountability, and integrated institutional coordination as a strategic approach to mitigating risks in Indonesia’s digital economy.

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