TANGGUNG JAWAB HUKUM PENGELOLA KREDIT BANK BUMD DALAM RISIKO BISNIS BERDASARKAN PERSPEKTIF HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI DI INDONESIA

Tampubolon, Dulles (2026) TANGGUNG JAWAB HUKUM PENGELOLA KREDIT BANK BUMD DALAM RISIKO BISNIS BERDASARKAN PERSPEKTIF HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI DI INDONESIA. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Ketidakjelasan batasan yuridis antara kerugian keuangan negara/daerah dan risiko bisnis yang wajar dalam kredit macet Bank BUMD berpotensi menimbulkan over-kriminalisasi terhadap pengelola kredit yang telah bertindak sesuai prinsip kehati- hatian. Rumusan masalah dalam skripsi ini adalah Bagaimana batasan yuridis antara "kerugian keuangan negara/daerah" dengan "risiko bisnis" (corporate loss) dalam konteks kredit macet di Bank BUMD menurut hukum positif di Indonesia. Bagaimanakah tanggung jawab pidana pengelola kredit Bank BUMD apabila terjadi kredit macet, ditinjau dari perspektif Pasal 2 ayat (1) dan Pasal 3 Tipikor jo. Prinsip Kehati-hatian Perbankan serta Business Judgment Rule. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, studi kasus putusan pengadilan yang dianalisis melalui kerangka teori Tujuan Hukum Radbruch (keadilan, kepastian hukum, kemanfaatan), teori SKBT, prinsip ultimum remedium, dan konsep Business Judgment Rule, Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerugian pada Bank BUMD tidak otomatis menjadi kerugian keuangan negara yang dapat dipidana. Kerugian keuangan negara harus memenuhi kriteria nyata, pasti, dan permanen sesuai Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 25/PUU-XIV/2016 Tanggal 25 Januari 2017. Pertanggungjawaban pidana mensyaratkan pembuktian unsur kesalahan dan sifat melawan hukum secara holistik, dengan perlindungan Business Judgment Rule bagi pengelola yang beritikad baik dan telah memenuhi prinsip kehati-hatian. Penggunaan hukum pidana korupsi secara prematur sebelum upaya pemulihan melalui eksekusi agunan dilakukan merupakan pelanggaran terhadap prinsip ultimum remedium dan menimbulkan ketidakadilan. / The legal ambiguity between state/regional financial loss and legitimate business risk in non-performing loans at state-owned regional banks (Bank BUMD) may lead to the over-criminalization of credit managers who have acted in accordance with prudent banking principles. This thesis addresses the following research questions: how to legally distinguish "state/regional financial loss" from "business risk" (corporate loss) in the context of non-performing loans at Bank BUMD under Indonesian positive law; and what the criminal liability of Bank BUMD credit managers entails when such loans default, examined through the lens of Article 2(1) and Article 3 of the Anti-Corruption Law in conjunction with banking prudence principles and the Business Judgment Rule. This research employs a normative legal methodology with statutory and conceptual approaches, supplemented by case studies of court decisions. The analysis is framed within several theoretical perspectives: Radbruch's theory of law-emphasizing justice, legal certainty, and utility-SKBT theory, the principle of ultimum remedium (criminal law as a last resort), and the Business Judgment Rule concept. The findings indicate that losses incurred by Bank BUMD do not automatically constitute state financial loss subject to criminal sanctions. To qualify as such, the loss must satisfy the criteria of being real, certain, and permanent, as stipulated in Constitutional Court Decision No. 25/PUU-XIV/2016 dated January 25, 2017. Criminal liability requires holistic proof of fault and unlawfulness. Credit managers acting in good faith and in compliance with prudence principles are protected under the Business Judgment Rule. Furthermore, the premature application of anti-corruption criminal law-before exhausting recovery efforts such as collateral execution-violates the ultimum remedium principle and results in substantive injustice.

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