Pengawasan Dan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen Pada Negara Hukum Pancasila : Telaah Atas Pencantuman Perjanjian Klausula Baku Yang Merugikan Konsumen

Lusita, Lusita (2025) Pengawasan Dan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen Pada Negara Hukum Pancasila : Telaah Atas Pencantuman Perjanjian Klausula Baku Yang Merugikan Konsumen. S3 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

ABSTRAK Judul Disertasi : Pengawasan Dan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen Pada Negara Hukum Pancasila: Telaah Atas Pencantuman Perjanjian Klausula Baku Yang Merugikan Konsumen Kata kunci : Klausul baku, Perlindungan konsumen, Negara hukum Pancasila Pengawasan dan penyelesaian sengketa konsumen di Indonesia dalam kerangka Negara Hukum Pancasila, dengan menelaah pencantuman klausul baku dalam perjanjian baku yang merugikan konsumen. Klausul baku sering kali disusun sepihak oleh pelaku usaha tanpa memberi ruang bagi konsumen untuk bernegosiasi, melanggar prinsip kebebasan berkontrak sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1320 dan 1338 KUHPerdata. Rumusan Masalah meliputi : 1) Apakah Pencantuman Perjanjian Klausul Baku bertentangan dengan prinsip kebebasan berkontrak Yang Merugikan Bagi Konsumen?. 2) Mengapa peran Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen (BPSK) Sangat Penting Dalam Perjanjian Klausula Baku?. 3) Bagaimana Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pelanggaran Klausula Baku?. Kerangka teori yang digunakan meliputi Teori Negara Hukum Pancasila, Teori Keadilan dari John Rawls, dan Teori Sistem Hukum dari Lawrence M. Friedman. Teori-teori ini relevan karena menghubungkan prinsip keadilan sosial dan supremasi hukum dengan perlindungan hak konsumen, serta menekankan peran kelembagaan dalam penegakan hukum. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, historis, konseptual, dan komparatif. Data yang digunakan meliputi bahan hukum primer (UUD 1945, UU Perlindungan Konsumen No. 8 Tahun 1999), bahan hukum sekunder (buku, jurnal hukum), serta wawancara dengan narasumber dari BPSK dan nasabah Bank Mandiri. Analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif melalui interpretasi hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) Klausul baku sering merugikan konsumen karena dibuat sepihak. Regulasi ada, tetapi pengawasan lemah. Solusinya: reformasi kebijakan, penguatan regulasi, dan edukasi hukum. 2) BPSK penting dalam sengketa klausula baku, namun terbatas dalam pengawasan dan eksekusi, menghambat efektivitasnya. 3) Penegakan hukum klausula baku melindungi konsumen dari ketentuan yang merugikan. Efektivitasnya bergantung pada regulasi, penegak hukum, dan kesadaran masyarakat. Oleh karena itu penelitian mereferensikan Penguatan BPSK, revisi UUPK yang mencakup regulasi digital, edukasi hukum, serta penerapan Hukum Pancasila untuk memperkuat perlindungan konsumen. / ABSTRACT Dissertation Title : Consumer Dispute Supervision And Settlement In A Pancasila Legal Country: A Review Of The Inclusion Of Standard Clauses In Agreements That Are Defamatory To Consumers Keywords : Standard clauses, consumer protection, Pancasila rule of law Supervision and resolution of consumer disputes in Indonesia within the framework of the Pancasila Rule of Law, by examining the inclusion of standard clauses in standard agreements that are detrimental to consumers. Standard clauses are often drawn up unilaterally by business actors without providing space for consumers to negotiate, violating the principle of freedom of contract as regulated in Articles 1320 and 1338 of the Civil Code. The problem formulation includes: 1) Does the inclusion of a standard clause agreement conflict with the principle of freedom of contract and is detrimental to consumers? 2) Why is the role of the Consumer Dispute Resolution Body Very Important in Standard Clause Agreements? 3) How is law enforcement against violations of standard clauses? The theoretical framework used includes the Pancasila Rule of Law Theory, John Rawls' Theory of Justice, and Lawrence M. Friedman's Legal System Theory. These theories are relevant because they link the principles of social justice and the supremacy of law with the protection of consumer rights, and emphasize the role of institutions in law enforcement. The research method used is normative juridical with statutory, historical, conceptual and comparative approaches. The data used includes primary legal materials (1945 Constitution, Consumer Protection Law Number 8 of 1999), secondary legal materials (books, legal journals), as well as interviews with resource persons from the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency and Bank Mandiri customers. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively through legal interpretation. The results of the study show that 1) Standard clauses often harm consumers be cause they are made unilaterally. Regulations exist, but supervision is weak. The solution: policy reform, strengthening regulations, and legal education. 2) The Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency is important in standard clause disputes, but is limited in supervision and execution, hampering its effectiveness. 3) Enforcement of standard clause laws protects consumers from detrimental provisions. Its effectiveness depends on regulations, law enforcers, and public awareness. Therefore, the study references Strengthening the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency, revising the Consumer Protection Law which includes digital regulations, legal education, and the application of Pancasila Law to strengthen consumer protection.

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