Economic Statecraft Indonesia: Penundaan Bergabung Dalam World Trade Organization Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) Periode Kedua Kepemimpinan Jokowi

Mokodompis, Denada Gabriella Christy (2026) Economic Statecraft Indonesia: Penundaan Bergabung Dalam World Trade Organization Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) Periode Kedua Kepemimpinan Jokowi. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Indonesia telah mempertahankan status observer dalam WTO Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) selama lebih dari satu dekade sejak 2012, pola kontras dengan skala pasar pengadaan pemerintah yang menyumbang lebih dari 45% belanja negara atau sekitar 6,6% PDB nasional per 2021. Posisi ini signifikan karena merepresentasikan pilihan kebijakan yang memiliki konsekuensi besar bagi arsitektur tata kelola pengadaan global sekaligus bagi strategi industrialisasi domestik Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang melandasi keputusan strategis Indonesia untuk mempertahankan stance dalam rezim WTO GPA sebagai manifesto economic statecraft. Penelitian menggunakan kerangka economic statecraft Baldwin, khususnya konsep withholding economic advantages dan nonuse as policy option serta Model Aktor Rasional (Model I) Allison sebagai first-cut explanation untuk memetakan kalkulasi strategis di balik keputusan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus melalui wawancara mendalam dengan negosiator dan analis kebijakan dari LKPP sebagai data primer, serta analisis teks perjanjian dan regulasi sebagai data sekunder. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa keputusan pemerintah mempertahankan posisi observer merupakan economic statecraft yang preservatif, dengan pola withholding akses pasar yang konsisten lintas perjanjian didukung oleh struktur insentif domestik yang kuat, dioperasionalkan melalui jalur FTA-CEPA bilateral, dan dipelihara melalui posisi observer yang memberikan akses pembelajaran institusional tanpa kewajiban. Kata Kunci: Economic Statecraft; PBJP; TKDN; Withholding Economic Advantage; WTO GPA. / Indonesia has maintained observer status in the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) for more than a decade since 2012, a stark contrast to the scale of the government procurement market, which accounted for more than 45% of government spending or approximately 6.6% of the national GDP as of 2021. This position is significant because it represents a policy choice with major consequences for the architecture of global procurement governance as well as for Indonesia’s domestic industrialization strategy. This study aims to analyze the factors underpinning Indonesia’s strategic decision to maintain its stance within the WTO GPA regime as a manifestation of economic statecraft. The research employs Baldwin’s economic statecraft framework, specifically the concepts of withholding economic advantages and nonuse as a policy option, as well as Allison’s Rational Actor Model (Model I) as a first-cut explanation to map the strategic calculations behind this decision. This study employs a qualitative method with a case study design, utilizing in-depth interviews with negotiators and policy analysts from the National Public Procurement Agency (LKPP) as primary data, along with text analysis of agreements and regulations as secondary data. The findings indicate that the government’s decision to maintain observer status constitutes a form of preservative economic statecraft, characterized by a consistent pattern of withholding market access across agreements, supported by a robust domestic incentive structure, implemented through bilateral FTAs and CEPAs, and sustained by observer status, which provides access to institutional learning without obligations. Keywords: Economic Statecraft; Government Procurement; TKDN; Withholding Economic Advantages; WTO GPA.

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