Dampak Liberalisasi Perdagangan WTO Terhadap Industri Tekstil Bangladesh Periode 2015 - 2020: Studi Kasus Kesenjangan Upah Pekerja Industri Tekstil Bangladesh

Monica, Silvia (2026) Dampak Liberalisasi Perdagangan WTO Terhadap Industri Tekstil Bangladesh Periode 2015 - 2020: Studi Kasus Kesenjangan Upah Pekerja Industri Tekstil Bangladesh. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Industri tekstil Bangladesh mengalami pertumbuhan ekspor yang signifikan dalam konteks liberalisasi perdagangan WTO, namun pertumbuhan ekonomi ini tidak diiringi peningkatan kesejahteraan pekerja yang memadai, dengan upah minimum hanya 8.000 Taka per bulan yang jauh di bawah living wage 33.368-51.000 Taka. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak liberalisasi perdagangan WTO terhadap kesenjangan upah pekerja industri tekstil Bangladesh periode 2015-2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep Global Value Chain (GVC) yang menjelaskan struktur buyer-driven value chain, teori Dependency and Underdevelopment yang mengungkap ketergantungan struktural negara berkembang, serta teori Race to the Bottom yang menjelaskan kompetisi destruktif dalam menekan standar perburuhan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kasus, menggunakan data sekunder dari dokumen resmi WTO, laporan ILO, World Bank, BGMEA, dan publikasi ilmiah, serta data primer berupa wawancara asinkron dengan akademisi bidang ekonomi ketenagakerjaan sebagai triangulasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa liberalisasi perdagangan WTO berkontribusi pada integrasi industri tekstil Bangladesh ke dalam struktur GVC yang bersifat buyer-driven, yang memperkuat ketimpangan distribusi nilai tambah dan mendorong adopsi strategi daya saing berbasis upah murah, sehingga turut berkontribusi pada fenomena race to the bottom berupa stagnasi upah riil dan kesenjangan upah yang melebar, khususnya bagi pekerja perempuan, sehingga Kata Kunci: Bangladesh, Global Value Chain, Kesenjangan Upah, Liberalisasi Perdagangan, WTO / Bangladesh's textile industry has experienced significant export growth in the context of WTO trade liberalization, but this economic growth has not been accompanied by adequate improvements in worker welfare, with minimum wages of only 8,000 Taka per month far below the living wage of 33,368-51,000 Taka. This research aims to analyze the impact of WTO trade liberalization on wage gaps among textile industry workers in Bangladesh during the 2015-2020 period. This study employs the Global Value Chain (GVC) concept to explain buyer driven value chain structures, Dependency and Underdevelopment theory to reveal structural dependence of developing countries, and Race to the Bottom theory to explain destructive competition in suppressing labor standards. The research method used is qualitative descriptive with a case study approach, utilizing secondary data from official WTO documents, ILO reports, World Bank, BGMEA, and scholarly publications, as well as primary data obtained through asynchronous interviews with an academic informant as data triangulation. The research findings are expected to demonstrate that WTO trade liberalization contributes the integration of Bangladesh's textile industry into buyer-driven GVC structures, contributing to value-added distribution inequality and encouraging the adoption of low-wage competitive strategies, which reinforces a race to the bottom phenomenon characterized by real wage stagnation and widening wage gaps, particularly for female workers, resulting in non-inclusive economic growth. Keywords: Bangladesh, Global Value Chain, Trade Liberalization, Wage Gap, WTO

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