Analisis Yuridis terhadap Ketidakcukupan Pengaturan Smart Contract Berbasis Blockchain dalam Perspektif Hukum Perjanjian dan Perlindungan Konsumen di Indonesia

Ginting, Adi Suranta (2026) Analisis Yuridis terhadap Ketidakcukupan Pengaturan Smart Contract Berbasis Blockchain dalam Perspektif Hukum Perjanjian dan Perlindungan Konsumen di Indonesia. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Perkembangan teknologi blockchain melahirkan smart contract sebagai bentuk perjanjian digital yang dijalankan otomatis melalui kode tanpa intervensi manusia. Karakteristik self-executing, immutable, dan terdesentralisasi menimbulkan persoalan hukum dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah apakah pengaturan hukum perjanjian di Indonesia, khususnya Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata, telah cukup mengakomodasi karakteristik smart contract berbasis blockchain, serta bagaimana ketidakcukupan pengaturan tersebut berdampak terhadap perlindungan konsumen. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan, kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif-analitis melalui penafsiran hukum terhadap ketentuan hukum positif mengenai hukum perjanjian, transaksi elektronik, dan perlindungan konsumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa smart contract secara formal dapat memenuhi syarat sah perjanjian menurut Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata. Namun secara substansial, pengaturannya belum memadai, terutama mengenai kesepakatan, identifikasi para pihak, pembatalan kontrak, dan penyelesaian sengketa. Perlindungan konsumen belum optimal karena konsumen berada dalam posisi rentan akibat ketimpangan informasi, keterbatasan pemahaman teknologi, dan tidak adanya mekanisme kontrol terhadap sistem yang berjalan otomatis dan sulit dibatalkan, sementara hukum positif yang berlaku belum secara khusus mengatur karakteristik smart contract berbasis blockchain. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pembaruan hukum yang adaptif untuk menjamin kepastian hukum dan perlindungan konsumen./The development of blockchain technology has introduced smart contracts as digital agreements automatically executed through code without human intervention. Their self-executing, immutable, and decentralized characteristics create legal issues within the Indonesian legal system. The research questions are whether Indonesian contract law, particularly Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code, adequately accommodates the characteristics of blockchain-based smart contracts, and how such regulatory inadequacy affects consumer protection. This study applies normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials are obtained through library research and analyzed descriptively and analytically through legal interpretation of positive legal provisions concerning contract law, electronic transactions, and consumer protection. The findings show that smart contracts may formally satisfy the validity requirements of agreements under Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. However, substantively, the existing regulation remains inadequate, particularly regarding consent, identification of parties, contract cancellation, and dispute resolution. Consumer protection remains suboptimal as consumers occupy a structurally vulnerable position due to information asymmetry, limited technological literacy, and the absence of corrective mechanisms against self- executing and irrevocable smart contract systems, while existing positive law has yet to specifically address the distinctive characteristics of blockchain-based smart contracts. Therefore, adaptive legal reform is required to ensure legal certainty and consumer protection.

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