KERJA SAMA DI BALIK PERANG KARTEL: MENELISIK MERIDA INITIATIVE AMERIKA SERIKAT MEKSIKO

lontoh, Axel Samuel (2026) KERJA SAMA DI BALIK PERANG KARTEL: MENELISIK MERIDA INITIATIVE AMERIKA SERIKAT MEKSIKO. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Penelitian ini menganalisis Merida Initiative sebagai rezim bilateral antara Amerika Serikat dan Meksiko dalam menangani ancaman kejahatan transnasional kartel narkotika. Sejak diluncurkan tahun 2007, program kerja sama ini merepresentasikan upaya kolektif menghadapi kompleksitas kejahatan terorganisir yang melampaui kapasitas negara secara unilateral. Meskipun Merida Initiative menghadirkan bantuan finansial, transfer teknologi, pelatihan militer, dan pertukaran intelijen senilai miliaran dolar, implementasinya menghadapi paradoks mendalam. Eskalasi kekerasan justru terintensifikasi pasca implementasi program, dengan lebih dari 250.000 korban jiwa, puluhan ribu kasus penghilangan paksa, dan ribuan kuburan massal yang menciptakan krisis kemanusiaan berkepanjangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka konsep rezim internasional untuk menjelaskan bagaimana norma, aturan, dan mekanisme kepatuhan dalam kerja sama bilateral ini dibentuk, diimplementasikan, dan menghadapi tantangan dalam praktiknya. Metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus digunakan untuk menganalisis dinamika pembentukan rezim, mekanisme implementasi kebijakan, serta evaluasi efektivitas program melalui analisis dokumen resmi, laporan organisasi internasional, dan data statistik kejahatan terorganisir. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun Merida Initiative berhasil membangun arsitektur institusional bilateral dan meningkatkan kapasitas teknis aparat keamanan Meksiko, pendekatan yang terlalu menekankan dimensi militer koersif tanpa penguatan institusi sipil yang proporsional justru menciptakan spiral kekerasan baru. Fragmentasi kartel menjadi organisasi kriminal yang lebih kecil namun lebih brutal, serta militarisasi keamanan publik yang memicu pelanggaran hak asasi manusia sistematis, menjadi konsekuensi tidak terencana dari strategi ini. Keterbatasan rezim bilateral dalam menangani akar permasalahan struktural seperti kemiskinan, korupsi sistemik, impunitas meluas, dan lemahnya supremasi hukum mengekspos limitasi pendekatan securitization dalam mengatasi ancaman non-tradisional yang bersifat multidimensional dan memerlukan solusi komprehensif lintas sektor./This research analyzes the Merida Initiative as a bilateral regime between the United States and Mexico in addressing the threat of transnational drug cartel crime. Since its launch in 2007, this cooperation program represents a collective effort to confront the complexity of organized crime that exceeds the capacity of states acting unilaterally. Although the Merida Initiative provides financial assistance, technology transfer, military training, and intelligence sharing worth billions of dollars, its implementation faces profound paradoxes. The escalation of violence has intensified following the program's implementation, with more than 250,000 fatalities, tens of thousands of forced disappearance cases, and thousands of mass graves creating a prolonged humanitarian crisis. This research employs the international regime framework to explain how norms, rules, and compliance mechanisms in this bilateral cooperation are formed, implemented, and face challenges in practice. Qualitative research methods with a case study approach are used to analyze the dynamics of regime formation, policy implementation mechanisms, and program effectiveness evaluation through analysis of official documents, international organization reports, and organized crime statistical data. Research findings indicate that although the Merida Initiative successfully built bilateral institutional architecture and enhanced the technical capacity of Mexican security forces, an approach that overemphasizes military-coercive dimensions without proportional strengthening of civilian institutions actually created new spirals of violence. The fragmentation of cartels into smaller yet more brutal criminal organizations, along with the militarization of public security triggering systematic human rights violations, became unintended consequences of this strategy. The limitations of the bilateral regime in addressing structural root problems such as poverty, systemic corruption, widespread impunity, and weak rule of law expose the limitations of the securitization approach in tackling multidimensional non-traditional threats that require comprehensive cross-sectoral solutions

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