Penguatan Kewenangan Konstitusional Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Republik Indonesia: Studi Sosio Legal Atas Perumusan Pasal 22d Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945

Lalu, Nikson Gans (2023) Penguatan Kewenangan Konstitusional Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Republik Indonesia: Studi Sosio Legal Atas Perumusan Pasal 22d Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. S3 thesis, UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN INDONESIA.

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Abstract

Abstrak Pembentukan DPD merupakan upaya penguatan sistem perwakilan Indonesia dari sistem satu kamar (unikameral) menjadi sistem dua kamar (bikameral). Gagasan pembentukan DPD juga berkaitan dengan menguatnya arus reformasi (demokratisasi) yang puncaknya pada pergantian kekuasaan serta arus otonomi daerah, yang merupakan reaksi terhadap pemusatan kekuasaan. Atas dasar ini, maka terbentuklah DPD melalui perubahan tahap ketiga UUD 1945 haruslah dilihat sebagai suatu terobosan yang fundamental. Secara konstitusional, kewenangan DPD di dalam Pasal 22D UUD 1945 sangat terbatas, tidak berimbang dengan dengan kewenangan DPR. Fokus penelitian disertasi ini adalah pada “Penguatan Kewenangan Konstitusional Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Republik Indonesia, Studi Sosio-Legal Atas Perumusan Pasal 22D Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945”. Titik berat pembahasannya pada eksistensi DPD dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia, di mana kewenangan konstitusional DPD sangat terbatas. Penulisan disertasi ini memunculkan tiga pertanyaan penelitian: (i) Mengapa perumus perubahan UUD 1945 tidak menghendaki kehadiran DPD yang kuat dalam struktur lembaga perwakilan rakyat Indonesia? (ii) Mengapa perumus perubahan UUD 1945 harus membatasi kewenangan DPD dalam mengajukan RUU dan pengawasan UU hanya di bidang tertentu? (iii) Bagaimana merevitalisasi kewenangan DPD dalam menjalankan tugas konstitusionalnya dan mengikutsertakannya dalam pengambilan keputusan kenegaraan yang bersifat strategis? Untuk menjawab tiga pertanyaan penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian socio-legal research dan paradigma critical theory. Sedangkan landasan teori yang dipakai untuk memperkuat jawaban pertanyaan penelitian tersebut, penulis menggunakan teori pemisahan kekuasaan, teori hukum responsif, teori hukum progresif, dan aliran sociological jurisprudence, yang memadukan nilai-nilai positif dari realisme hukum dengan segala koreksinya. Penguatan dan peningkatan kewenangan konstitusional DPD tidak sebatas melaksanakan Putusan MK No. 92/PUU-X/2012 dan No. 79/PUU-XII/2014, tetapi harus disertai perubahan Pasal 22D UUD 1945, dan menerapkan prinsip cheks and balances secara transparan. Putusan MK tersebut tidak memberi kewenangan yang berimbang antara DPR dan DPD. Dalam prinsip cheks and balances, kedudukan DPR dan DPD sederajat, tidak ada yang superior. Sistem perwakilan dua kamar yang berimbang justru lebih produktif dan kreatif. Perlu ada batasan yang jelas mengenai kepentingan daerah. Kepentingan daerah tidak hanya terbatas pada bidang-bidang tertentu, melainkan jauh lebih luas dari yang diatur dalam Pasal 22D UUD 1945. Perubahan terhadap Pasal 22D UUD 1945 tidak akan merubah susunan negara kesatuan Indonesia menjadi negara federal, melainkan semakin memperkuat eksistensi NKRI. Kekuatiran tersebut tidak memiliki pijakan yang kuat, karena telah disepakati bersama bahwa perubahan UUD 1945 tidak menyentuh susunan negara kesatuan. Rumusan Pasal 22D UUD 1945 bukanlah rumusan yang final, tetapi rumusan ini membelenggu DPD. Penguatan dan peningkatan kewenangan konstitusional DPD merupakan terobosan konstitusional untuk mewujudkan keseimbangan DPR dan DPD. Dalam konteks demokratisasi, cheks and balances mengarah pada dinamika politik yang simultan dan terciptanya demokrasi yang sehat, sehingga DPR dan DPD memiliki keseimbangan dalam menjalankan tugas-tugas konstitusionalnya. Kata kunci: Penguatan dan Peningkatan Kewenangan Konstitusional DPD RI. Abstract The formation of the Regional Representative Council (DPD) has been an effort to strengthen Indonesia's representative system from one-chamber (unicameral) system to two-chambers (bicameral) system. The idea of Regional Representative Council formation is also related to the strengthening of the current of reform (democratization) which culminates in the change of authority and the flow of regional autonomy as a reaction to authority concentration. Based on this case, the formation of the Regional Representative Council is made through the third phase amendment of 1945 that is seen as a fundamental breakthrough. The position of the Regional Representative Council in Article 22D of the 1945 Constitution, constitutionally, is very weak and limited, it can be said that the position is not comparable to the House of Representatives (DPR). In writing this dissertation, the author's research focus is "Constitutional Strengthening of the Regional Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia (Socio-Legal Studies of the Formulation of Article 22D of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia)". The main of the discussion is the existence of the Regional Representative Council in Indonesia's representative system which clearly shows that its constitutional authority is very limited. This dissertation contains three research questions: (i) Why did the formulators of the amendments of 1945 Constitution not want the presence of the Regional Representative Council in balance with the House of Representatives as an effort to strengthen the structure of the Indonesian people's representative institutions? (ii) Why did the formulators of the amendments of 1945 Constitution have to limit the Regional Representative Council's authority in proposing the drafts and supervising the laws only in certain fields? (iii) How to revitalize the authority of the Regional Representative Council in carrying out its constitutional duties and involve it to the strategic state decision making? To answer these three research questions, the author used socio-legal research methods and critical theory paradigms. To strengthen the answers of these research questions, the authors used the theory of separation of powers by Montesquieu; responsive legal theory, progressive legal theory, and sociological jurisprudence, which combines the positive valuesof legal realism including the corrections as the theoretical basis. The constitutional strengthening of the Regional Representative Council does not have to change Article 22D of the 1945 Constitution, yet applying the principle of checks and balances transparently and implementing the Constitutional Court Decisions Number: 92/PUU-X/2012 and Number: 79/PUU- XII/2014 consistently can be done. In the principle of checks and balances, the position of the House of Representatives and Regional Representative Council is equal and no one is as superior. The two chambers representation system which is balance between the the House of Representatives and Regional Representative Council is actually more productive and creative. There should be clear boundaries regarding regional interests. In fact, regional interests are not only limited to certain fields, they are more than what have ruled in Article 22D of the 1945 Constitution. There are some concerns that the Article 22D of the 1945 Constitution is amended, it can be potentially change the arrangement of the unitary state of Indonesia into another state structure. This concern is valid because it is closely related to the strengthening of political sects and identities which have recently threatened the integrity of the Indonesian nation and state. This group is always trying to change the basis of the Indonesian state, namely Pancasila, with other ideologies. From the legal aspect, Article 22D of the 1945 Constitution is in accordance with the current context of the Indonesian nation. However, the constitutional strengthening of the Regional Representative Council is still carried out by prioritizing the principle of checks and balances transparently. In accordance to democratization, checks and balances lead to simultaneous political dynamics and the creation of healthy democracy, so that the House of Representatives and the Regional Representative Council are equal in performing their duties. Keywords: Constitutional Strengthening of the Indonesian Regional Representative Council.

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