PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN KORPORASI DALAM SEJARAH HUKUM PIDANA PEMBARUAN HUKUM PIDANA DAN VIKTIMOLOGI DI INDONESIA

Saogo, Marhel (2025) PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN KORPORASI DALAM SEJARAH HUKUM PIDANA PEMBARUAN HUKUM PIDANA DAN VIKTIMOLOGI DI INDONESIA. S2 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Dewasa ini korporasi memiliki peranan besar dalam mencapai cita-cita bangsa yaitu mewujudkan kemakmuran bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Peran korporasi semakin kuat pada era globalisasi yang sedang di alami oleh seluruh komponen di dunia ini. Korporasi berkedudukan sebagai subyek ekonomi global yang kuat dan memiliki daya tekan yang lebih kuat dibandingkan perseorangan, karena potensi kerugian yang ditimbulkna jauh lebih besar dari pada perseorangan. Permasalahan yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini yaitu: (1) Bagaimana sistem Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi dan Penerapan Sanksi Terhadap Korporasi dalam upaya memberikan perlindungan terhadap korban kejahatan Korporasi? (2) Bagaimana Pertanggungjawaban dan pelaksanaan pidana bagi Korporasi dalam Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana di Indonesia? Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu: Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif. Pendekatan masalah yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi pendekatan undang-undang (statute approach), pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach) dan pendekatan kasus (case approach). Hasil dan Pembahasan: dari beberapa Putusan yang penulis teliti diantaranya Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Yogyakarta Nomor 15/Pid.Sus-TPK/2022/PN Yyk, Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Meulaboh Nomor 54/Pid.Sus/2014/PN.MBO, Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Karawang No.434/Pid.B/2011/PN. Krw, Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Tanggal 1 Maret 1969 No. 136/KR/1996, Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Tanggal 19 September 1970 No. 66/KR/1969, Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Tangga 26 Januari 1984 No. 346 K/KR/1980 korporasi menjadi pelaku tindak pidana, dan korporasi tersebut rata-rata hanya dijatuhkan denda atas tindak pidana yang dilakukan. Adapun Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) Sistem pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi merupakan konsep penting dalam hukum pidana modern. Penerapannya di Indonesia masih dalam tahap awal, namun memiliki potensi besar untuk meningkatkan efektivitas penegakan hukum dan mencegah kejahatan korporasi. Pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi adalah tanggung jawab yang harus ditanggung oleh korporasi atas tindak pidana yang dilakukan. Dalam beberapa amar putusan dari beberapa kasus yang penulis teliti, sebagian besar korporasi hanya dijatuhkan pidana berupa denda dan pencabutan izin usaha. Adapun Sanksi pidana yang dapat dikenakan kepada korporasi meliputi pidana pokok dan pidana tambahan. Pidana pokok seperti denda atau ganti rugi berupa uang, pidana tambahan berupa: Pencabutan izin usaha, Perampasan kekayaan hasil tindak pidana, Pencabutan status badan hukum, Pemecatan pengurus. (2) Korporasi atau badan hukum dapat menjadi pelaku tindak pidana, terutama dalam konteks kejahatan ekonomi, lingkungan, dan korupsi. Dalam hukum pidana klasik yang berorientasi pada subjek individu, korporasi sulit dijerat secara pidana. Namun, perkembangan hukum pidana modern mengakui bahwa badan hukum juga harus dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban pidana, sebagaimana telah diatur dalam ketentuan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Pasal 45 ayat (1) dan ayat (2), yang secara jelas dan tegas menyebutkan bahwa Korporasi sebagai subyek tindak pidana. Saran dalam penelitian ini yaitu untuk memeriksa, mengadili dan memutus perkara yang melibatkan korporasi perlu diterapkan prinsip kehati-hatian. Kata Kunci: Korporasi, Hukum Pidana, Pembaharuan Hukum. / Nowadays, corporations have a big role in achieving the nation's ideals, which is to realize prosperity for all Indonesian people. The role of corporations is getting stronger in the era of globalization that is being experienced by all components in the world. Corporations are positioned as strong global economic subjects and have stronger pressure than individuals, because the potential losses incurred are much greater than those of individuals. The problems studied in this study are: (1) What is the system of Corporate Criminal Liability and the Implementation of Sanctions against Corporations in an effort to provide protection for victims of corporate crime? (2) How is the Accountability and Criminal Implementation for Corporations in the Reform of Criminal Law in Indonesia? The methods used in the research are: This research uses a type of normative juridical research. The problem approaches used in this study include the statute approach, the conceptual approach, and the case approach. Results and Discussion: from several Decisions that the author has researched, including the Decision of the Yogyakarta District Court Number 15/Pid.Sus-TPK/2022/PN Yyk, the Decision of the Meulaboh District Court Number 54/Pid.Sus/2014/PN. MBO, Karawang District Court Decision No.434/Pid.B/2011/PN. Krw, Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia dated March 1, 1969 No. 136/KR/1996, Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia dated September 19, 1970 No. 66/KR/1969, Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Tangga January 26, 1984 No. 346 K/KR/1980 corporations become perpetrators of criminal acts, and the corporation is on average only fined for the criminal acts committed. The conclusions in this study are: (1) The corporate criminal liability system is an important concept in modern criminal law. Its implementation in Indonesia is still in its early stages, but it has great potential to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement and prevent corporate crime. Corporate criminal liability is the responsibility that must be borne by the corporation for the criminal acts committed. In some of the rulings from several cases that the author has researched, most corporations are only sentenced to fines and revocation of business licenses. The criminal sanctions that can be imposed on corporations include principal and additional crimes. Principal crimes such as fines or compensation in the form of money, additional crimes in the form of: Revocation of business licenses, Deprivation of wealth from criminal acts, Revocation of legal entity status, Dismissal of management. (2) Corporations or legal entities can be perpetrators of criminal acts, especially in the context of economic, environmental, and corruption crimes. In classical criminal law that is oriented to individual subjects, corporations are difficult to criminally charge. However, the development of modern criminal law recognizes that legal entities must also be held criminally accountable, as stipulated in the provisions of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code Article 45 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2), which clearly and expressly state that the Corporation is the subject of a criminal act. The suggestion in this study is that to examine, prosecute and decide cases involving corporations, the principle of prudence needs to be applied. Keywords: Corporation, Criminal Law, Law Reform.

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