HILIRISASI NIKEL, OLIGARKI NIKEL, DAN DOMINASI TIONGKOK DI INDUSTRI NIKEL INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF NEO-MARXISME

Chen, Patricia Christine (2026) HILIRISASI NIKEL, OLIGARKI NIKEL, DAN DOMINASI TIONGKOK DI INDUSTRI NIKEL INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF NEO-MARXISME. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Kebijakan hilirisasi nikel di Indonesia menjadi strategi utama pemerintah dalam meningkatkan nilai tambah sumber daya alam dan mendorong industrialisasi nasional di tengah meningkatnya kebutuhan global terhadap nikel sebagai bahan baku baterai kendaraan listrik. Implementasi kebijakan tersebut juga diiringi oleh meningkatnya dominasi investasi asing, khususnya Tiongkok, serta keterlibatan oligarki domestik dalam penguasaan industri nikel nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis relasi antara negara, oligarki domestik, dan modal asing Tiongkok dalam industri nikel Indonesia serta implikasinya terhadap kemandirian ekonomi nasional dalam perspektif Neo-Marxisme kacamata David Harvey. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif analisis-deskriptif dengan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hilirisasi nikel berhasil meningkatkan investasi, pembangunan smelter, dan ekspor produk olahan nikel, tetapi industrialisasi tersebut masih sangat bergantung pada modal, teknologi, dan pasar Tiongkok. Dominasi perusahaan Tiongkok dalam penguasaan smelter, teknologi pengolahan, dan rantai pasok baterai kendaraan listrik menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia masih berada dalam posisi subordinat dalam rantai nilai global. Selain itu, oligarki domestik memperoleh keuntungan melalui kerja sama dengan modal asing, sementara negara cenderung berperan sebagai fasilitator akumulasi kapital. Hilirisasi nikel belum sepenuhnya menciptakan kemandirian ekonomi nasional karena masih tingginya ketergantungan terhadap kapital global dan lemahnya penguasaan teknologi domestik. Kata Kunci: Hilirisasi Nikel, Investasi Tiongkok, Kemandirian Ekonomi Nasional, Neo-Marxisme, Oligarki / The nickel downstreaming policy in Indonesia serves as the government's primary strategy to enhance the added value of natural resources and drive national industrialization amid the rising global demand for nickel as a raw material for electric vehicle batteries. The implementation of this policy has also been accompanied by the growing dominance of foreign investment, particularly from China, as well as the involvement of domestic oligarchs in controlling the national nickel industry. This research aims to analyze the relationship between the state, domestic oligarchs, and Chinese foreign capital within the Indonesian nickel industry, as well as its implications for national economic independence from a Neo-Marxist perspective through the lens of David Harvey. The research method employed is a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach utilizing secondary data. The findings indicate that while nickel downstreaming has successfully increased investment, smelter construction, and the export of processed nickel products, this industrialization remains heavily dependent on Chinese capital, technology, and markets. The dominance of Chinese companies in controlling smelters, processing technology, and the electric vehicle battery supply chain demonstrates that Indonesia remains in a subordinate position within the global value chain. Furthermore, domestic oligarchs secure profits through collaboration with foreign capital, while the state tends to act as a facilitator of capital accumulation. Ultimately, nickel downstreaming has not yet fully achieved national economic independence due to the persistent dependence on global capital and the weak mastery of domestic technology. Keywords: Chinese Investment, National Economic Independence, Neo-Marxisme, Nickel Downstreaming, Oligarchy.

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