Perlindungan dan Kepastian Hukum Dalam Pelepasan Hak Ulayat Masyarakat Adat Untuk Pembangunan Ibu Kota Nusantara

Juenta, Teofilus Yoga (2026) Perlindungan dan Kepastian Hukum Dalam Pelepasan Hak Ulayat Masyarakat Adat Untuk Pembangunan Ibu Kota Nusantara. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Pembangunan Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN) di Kalimantan Timur merupakan proyek strategis nasional yang berdampak langsung pada penguasaan tanah, khususnya pelepasan hak ulayat masyarakat adat. Penelitian ini memiliki dua rumusan masalah utama, yaitu: 1) Apa alasan tanah ulayat masyarakat adat dilepaskan untuk pembangunan IKN? 2) Bagaimana perlindungan dan kepastian hukum bagi masyarakat adat untuk pembangunan IKN?. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis mekanisme pelepasan hak ulayat dalam pembangunan IKN serta mengevaluasi perlindungan dan kepastian hukum bagi masyarakat adat dalam proses tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat deskriptif analitis. Pendekatan dilakukan melalui pendekatan Perundang-undangan (statute approach) serta Pendekatan Kasus (case approach). Data yang digunakan adalah data Sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum Primer: UUD 1945, Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA), UU No. 3 Tahun 2022 tentang IKN, serta Putusan MK No. 35/PUU-X/2012, sedangkan sekunder diperoeh dari buku-buku maupun literatur lain, bahan hukum tresier berupa kamus, kemudian vahan hukum yang terkumpul disusun dan dianalisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prosedur pelepasan hak ulayat di wilayah IKN mengacu oada Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2022 melalui skema pengasaan tanah untuk kepentungan ymum melalui skema ganti kerugian. Namun, dalam praktiknya muncul hambatan administratif terkait sulitnya penetapan status Masyarakat Hukum Adat (MHA) sebagai syarat sah kepemilikan hak dan menyimpulkan bahwa proses pelepasan tersebut belum memberikan kompensasi yang memadai dan adil kepada masyarakat adat. Perlindungan hukum dinilai belum maksimal karena adanya kendala dalam pemetaan wilayah adat serta terbatasnya keterlibatan nyata masyarakat dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Demi menjamin kepastian hukum, diperlukan keselarasan aturan antara pemerintah pusat dan daerah agar pembangunan infrastruktur tidak mengabaikan hak-hak konstitusional masyarakat adat./ The development of the Indonesian City (IKN) in East Kalimantan is a national strategic project with a direct impact on land ownership, particularly the release of customary land rights of indigenous communities. This study has two main research questions: 1) What are the reasons for the release of customary land rights of indigenous communities for the development of the IKN? 2) What is the protection and legal certainty for indigenous communities in the development of the IKN? This study aims to analyze the mechanism for the release of customary land rights in the development of the IKN and to evaluate the protection and legal certainty for indigenous communities in this process. The research method used is a normative legal research method with a descriptive-analytical nature. The approaches employed are a statutory approach and a case study approach. The data used are secondary data consisting of primary legal materials: the 1945 Constitution, the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA), Law No. 3 of 2022 concerning the IKN, and Constitutional Court Decision No. 35/PUU-X/2012. Secondary data was obtained from books and other literature, and tertiary legal materials in the form of dictionaries. The collected legal materials were then compiled and analyzed. The research findings indicate that the procedure for releasing customary rights in the New Capital City (IKN) area refers to Law No. 3 of 2022 through a land acquisition scheme for public interest through a compensation scheme. However, in practice, administrative obstacles arise related to the difficulty of determining Indigenous Peoples (MHA) status as a legal requirement for land ownership, and it is concluded that the release process has not provided adequate and fair compensation to indigenous peoples. Legal protection is considered suboptimal due to obstacles in mapping customary areas and limited community involvement in the decision-making process. To ensure legal certainty, regulatory alignment is needed between the central and regional governments so that infrastructure development does not ignore the constitutional rights of indigenous peoples.

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