Analisis Performa Aerodinamis VAWT Darrieus-H Type dengan Variasi Spacing dan Depth Dimple Surface pada Airfoil NACA 4412 Menggunakan CFD

Hutauruk, S.H. Margogo Tua Hutauruk (2026) Analisis Performa Aerodinamis VAWT Darrieus-H Type dengan Variasi Spacing dan Depth Dimple Surface pada Airfoil NACA 4412 Menggunakan CFD. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Energi angin merupakan sumber energi terbarukan yang terus berkembang. Turbin angin sumbu vertikal (VAWT) tipe Darrieus-H berpotensi tinggi untuk aplikasi di wilayah perkotaan berkecepatan angin rendah, namun masih terkendala kemampuan self-starting dan fenomena dynamic stall. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh variasi spacing dan depth dari dimple surface pada suction side airfoil NACA 4412 terhadap performa aerodinamis Darrieus-H. Simulasi CFD dilakukan dengan ANSYS Fluent menggunakan pendekatan URANS dan model turbulensi k-ω SST. Metode dynamic mesh diterapkan pada rotor tiga bilah dengan chord 200 mm, radius 300 mm (soliditas 1,0), kecepatan angin 5 m/s. Parameter dimple divariasikan pada kedalaman 1,0–2,5 mm (h/D = 0,1–0,25) dan jarak 6–12 mm (S/D = 0,6–1,2). Sebanyak 12 konfigurasi diuji: baseline, 11 model screening (4 depth, 3 spacing X, 3 spacing Y), dan 1 model kombinasi optimal. Hasil menunjukkan konfigurasi optimal (depth 1,5 mm, spacing X 10 mm, spacing Y 10 mm) menghasilkan torsi tertinggi 8,77 N·m, koefisien daya 0,00613 dan daya 0,36717 W, yang mengalami peningkatan dibandingkan baseline. Kedalaman optimal h/D = 0,15, spacing optimal S/D = 1,0 pada kedua arah. Konfigurasi optimal meredam fluktuasi torsi hingga 50% dan mempersempit wake. Distribusi tekanan negatif pada suction side menjadi lebih merata, menandakan adanya penundaan terhadap dynamic stall. Kesimpulannya, dimple surface dengan parameter optimal (h/D = 0,15; S/D = 1,0) efektif meningkatkan performa aerodinamis Darrieus-H pada kecepatan angin rendah. Kombinasi ketiga parameter memberikan efek sinergis aditif. Penelitian lanjutan disarankan untuk meningkatkan resolusi temporal simulasi guna prediksi daya lebih akurat serta validasi eksperimental. / Wind energy is a rapidly growing renewable energy source. Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) of the Darrieus-H type have high potential for low wind speed urban applications, but are still constrained by poor self-starting capability and dynamic stall phenomena. This study aims to analyze the effect of spacing and depth variations of dimple surface on the suction side of NACA 4412 airfoil on the aerodynamic performance of H-rotor Darrieus. CFD simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent with the URANS approach and the k-ω SST turbulence model. The dynamic mesh method was applied to a three-blade rotor with a chord length of 200 mm, radius of 300 mm (solidity 1.0), inlet wind speed of 5 m/s. Dimple parameters were varied at depths of 1.0–2.5 mm (h/D = 0.1–0.25) and spacings of 6–12 mm (S/D = 0.6–1.2). A total of 12 configurations were tested: baseline, 11 screening models (4 depth, 3 X-spacing, 3 Y-spacing), and one optimal combination model. The results show that the optimal configuration (depth 1.5 mm, X-spacing 10 mm, Y-spacing 10 mm) produced the highest torque of 8.77 N·m, power coefficient of 0.00613 and power of 0,36717 W representing increases respectively compared to the baseline. The optimal depth ratio was h/D = 0.15, and the optimal spacing ratio was S/D = 1.0 in both directions. The optimal configuration reduced torque fluctuations by up to 50% and narrowed the wake region. The negative pressure distribution on the suction side became more uniform, indicating significant dynamic stall delay. In conclusion, dimple surface with optimal parameters (h/D = 0.15; S/D = 1.0) effectively improves the aerodynamic performance of H-rotor Darrieus at low wind speeds. The combination of the three optimal parameters exhibited an additive synergistic effect. Further research is recommended to increase the temporal resolution of the simulation for more accurate power prediction and to conduct experimental validation.

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