Toxicity and Active Compound Content of Cardamom Fruit Extract (Wurfbainia compacta Sol. ex Maton)

Rahmawati, Fri and Prihantini, Nur Nunu and Sitompul, Fransiska and Simanjuntak, Erica Gilda Misnawati and Pangaribuan, Berlian Feodora (2026) Toxicity and Active Compound Content of Cardamom Fruit Extract (Wurfbainia compacta Sol. ex Maton). JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia), 11 (2). pp. 304-319. ISSN 2503-4154

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Abstract

Cardamom (Wurfbainia compacta Sol. ex Maton), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, contains various secondary metabolites with potential biological activities. This study aimed to determine the active compound profile and toxicity of cardamom fruit extracts prepared using 70% ethanol and 70% ethyl acetate. Extraction was performed by sonication, followed by phytochemical screening using the Harborne method and compound identification by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Toxicity was evaluated using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) to determine the LC₅₀ values. The extraction yields were 6.98% for the 70% ethanol extract and 2.80% for the 70% ethyl acetate extract. Phytochemical screening showed that the 70% ethanol extract contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids, whereas the 70% ethyl acetate extract contained steroids. GC–MS analysis identified several volatile and semi-volatile compounds in both extracts. The BSLT results showed LC₅₀ values of 170.506 ppm for the 70% ethanol extract and 181.953 ppm for the 70% ethyl acetate extract, placing both extracts in the moderately toxic category. The 70% ethanol extract showed a broader phytochemical profile and slightly greater toxicity than the 70% ethyl acetate extract. These findings support further investigation of cardamom fruit extracts for their biological activity and safety.

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