Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online Di TikTok Dalam Masyarakat Jaringan: Algoritma Platform Dan Kerapuhan Hukum Digital Indonesia

Sinaga, Agrace Carelica (2026) Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online Di TikTok Dalam Masyarakat Jaringan: Algoritma Platform Dan Kerapuhan Hukum Digital Indonesia. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Perkembangan teknologi digital dan media sosial telah membentuk masyarakat jaringan global yang ditandai oleh tingginya interkonektivitas, arus informasi lintas batas, dan meningkatnya peran platform digital sebagai aktor transnasional. Dalam konteks ini, TikTok berkembang menjadi salah satu platform paling berpengaruh di Indonesia. Namun, di balik kemampuannya menghubungkan pengguna secara masif, TikTok juga menjadi ruang reproduksi Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online (KBGO) yang terus meningkat hingga mencapai 1.846 kasus pada tahun 2025. Fenomena tersebut menunjukkan adanya ketimpangan antara logika operasional platform digital yang bergerak cepat dan kemampuan regulasi negara dalam merespons berbagai bentuk kekerasan yang berkembang di ruang digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis bagaimana struktur operasional TikTok melanggengkan KBGO, mengkaji respons negara melalui regulasi yang ada, serta mengidentifikasi pola interaksi berulang antara platform dan negara dalam tata kelola digital Indonesia.Penelitian ini menggunakan teori The Rise of the Network Society dari Manuel Castells melalui konsep space of flows, timeless time, dan network logic. Konsep Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online (KBGO) digunakan sebagai landasan konseptual pendukung. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam dengan dua narasumber SAFEnet Indonesia, sedangkan data sekunder berasal dari jurnal akademik, regulasi hukum, laporan CATAHU Komnas Perempuan, dan dokumen kebijakan. Analisis dilakukan melalui teknik triangulasi sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KBGO di TikTok merupakan produk struktural dari logika viralitas algoritmik, bias maskulinitas dalam desain platform, dan kekosongan regulasi yang belum menjangkau modus KBGO kontemporer seperti deepfake dan objektifikasi berbasis hashtag implisit. Penelitian ini juga mengidentifikasi Compliance-Negotiation Cycle sebagai pola interaksi berulang antara TikTok dan Indonesia dalam proses tata kelola digital. Penelitian merekomendasikan perluasan definisi KBGO dalam Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual (UU TPKS), percepatan penghapusan konten sejak tahap penyidikan, penguatan moderasi berbasis konteks lokal, serta institusionalisasi suara korban dalam proses negosiasi antara negara dan platform. Kata Kunci: Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online; TikTok; hukum digital Indonesia; platform digital transnasional; masyarakat jaringan./ The development of digital technology and social media has shaped a global networked society characterized by high levels of interconnectivity, cross-border information flows, and the growing role of digital platforms as transnational actors. In this context, TikTok has emerged as one of the most influential platforms in Indonesia. However, behind its ability to connect users on a massive scale, TikTok has also become a space for the reproduction of Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV), which continues to rise, reaching 1,846 cases by 2025. This phenomenon highlights a disparity between the fast-paced operational logic of digital platforms and the state’s regulatory capacity to address various forms of violence emerging in the digital sphere. This study aims to analyze how TikTok’s operational structure perpetuates OBG, examine the state’s response through existing regulations, and identify recurring patterns of interaction between the platform and the state within Indonesia’s digital governance framework. The study employs Manuel Castells’ theory of The Rise of the Network Society through the concepts of “space of flows,” “timeless time,” and “network logic.” The concept of Online Gender-Based Violence (KBGO) as defined by UN Women serves as the supporting conceptual framework. The study employs a qualitative approach using the case study method. Primary data was collected through in-depth interviews with two informants from SAFEnet Indonesia, while secondary data was sourced from academic journals, legal regulations, the CATAHU report by the National Commission on Violence Against Women (Komnas Perempuan), and policy documents. Analysis was conducted using source triangulation techniques. The research findings indicate that OGBV on TikTok is a structural product of algorithmic virality logic, masculinity bias in platform design, and regulatory gaps that have not yet addressed contemporary OGBV modalities such as deepfakes and implicit hashtag-based objectification. This study also identifies the Compliance-Negotiation Cycle as a recurring pattern of interaction between TikTok and Indonesia in the digital governance process. The study recommends expanding the definition of Online Gender-Based Violence in the TPKS Law, accelerating the removal of content as early as the investigation stage, strengthening moderation based on local context, and institutionalizing the voices of victims in the negotiation process between the state and the platform. Keywords: Online Gender-Based Violence; TikTok; Indonesian digital law; transnational digital platforms; network society.

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