Ibu Kota Judi Dunia: Paradoksal Makau dalam Prahara Rasionalitas Pasar Vis A Vis Moralitas Internasional

Shalum, Aurellia Angelie (2026) Ibu Kota Judi Dunia: Paradoksal Makau dalam Prahara Rasionalitas Pasar Vis A Vis Moralitas Internasional. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Setelah jatuhnya Hong Kong ke tangan Inggris, Makau yang diduduki oleh Portugis mulai menghadapi persaingan sebagai pelabuhan perdagangan dan berakhir mengalami kekosongan kas karena beralihnya pelabuhan perdagangan impor-ekspor ke Hong Kong. Perjudian kala itu menjadi strategi pemerintah Portugis untuk mempertahankan pemasukan Makau yang akhirnya membawa Makau sebagai ibu kota judi dunia hingga saat ini. Guna mempertahankan dan mengatur perjudian, pemerintah Makau mengatur berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan dan mengikuti forum internasional yaitu Asia Pacific Group on Anti-Money Laundering. Tetapi pemerintah Makau dianggap gagal dalam menindak tindak kriminal yang dilakukan oleh warga negara asing walaupun telah memiliki serangkaian peraturan bahkan aktif dalam APG, yang menimbulkan anggapan Makau memanfaatkan hal tersebut untuk keuntungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan teori legalisasi Kenneth Abbot dan pilihan rasional Gery Becker dan metode kualitatif-deskriptif untuk memahami dan menggambarkan motivasi kebijakan Makau menanggapi tindak kejahatan melalui perjudian. Data yang diambil berupa data primer dari junket, mantan penasihat Sekretariat Ekonomi dan Finansial dengan data sekunder didapatkan dari sumber dokumen hukum dan narasumber kriminologi budaya triad dan turis Makau. Hasil temuan akhir dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Makau berupaya melindungi kebijakan legalisasi perjudian domestiknya dengan cara berpartisipasi pada forum APG dengan derajat legalisasi soft law. Makau legalisasi rezim APG sebagai bentuk kepatuhan formal dan tetap memberlakukan penekanan selektif pada kejahatan finansial pada kerangka perjudian demi meraup mempertahankan rasionalitasnya yang mencakup optimalisasi sumber daya, struktur sosial, pendapatan perjudian, dan faktor eksternal yaitu kalkulasi politik yang sekaligus menjadi salah satu temuan dari penelitian ini. / After Hong Kong fell to British rule, Portuguese-occupied Macau began facing competition as a trading port and eventually ran out of funds as import-export trade shifted to Hong Kong. At that time, gambling became the Portuguese government’s strategy to maintain Macau’s revenue, ultimately establishing Macau as the world’s gambling capital—a status it holds to this day. To maintain and regulate gambling, the Macau government has enacted various laws and regulations and participates in international forums such as the Asia-Pacific Group on Anti-Money Laundering (APG). However, the Macau government is considered to have failed to crack down on criminal acts committed by foreign nationals, despite having a series of regulations in place and being active in the APG—a situation that has led to the perception that Macau is exploiting this for its own gain. This study employs Kenneth Abbott’s theory of legalization and Gary Becker’s theory of rational choice, along with a qualitative-descriptive method, to understand and describe the motivations behind Macau’s policies in response to crimes related to gambling. The data collected consisted of primary data from junket operators and a former advisor to the Secretariat for Economy and Finance, while secondary data was obtained from legal documents and informants specializing in triad-related cultural criminology and Macau tourism. The final findings of this study indicate that Macau seeks to protect its domestic gambling legalization policy by participating in APG forums through a “soft law” approach to legalization. Macau legalizes the APG regime as a form of formal compliance while continuing to selectively prioritize financial crimes within the gambling framework in order to maintain its rationality, which encompasses the optimization of resources, social structure, gambling revenue, and external factors—namely, political calculations—which is also one of the findings of this study.

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