Upaya Spacex Dalam Mitigasi Sampah Luar Angkasa Melalui Pengimplementasian Pedoman Uncopuos 2019-2024

Andreano, Wayan (2025) Upaya Spacex Dalam Mitigasi Sampah Luar Angkasa Melalui Pengimplementasian Pedoman Uncopuos 2019-2024. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

SpaceX, sebagai perusahaan antariksa terkemuka, menghadapi masalah pengelolaan sampah antariksa akibat konstelasi satelit Starlink. Meningkatnya jumlah objek buatan di orbit Bumi selama periode 2019–2024, yang secara drastis memperbesar risiko tabrakan di luar angkasa dan mengancam keberlanjutan aktivitas antariksa jangka panjang bagi seluruh komunitas internasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis upaya mitigasi SpaceX berdasarkan pedoman UNCOPUOS periode 2019-2024, dengan menggunakan konsep Lingkungan Luar Angkasa , konsep Sampah Luar Angkasa , dan konsep UNCOPUOS dan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus dan penggunaan data dari wawancara dan studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan upaya SpaceX meliputi sistem deorbit terkontrol, desain satelit minim resiko debris baru, serta sistem pemantauan dan pencegahan tabrakan canggih termasuk manajemen lalu lintas orbital dan penghindaran tabrakan otomatis. SpaceX telah menginternalisasi enam pedoman utama UNCOPUOS dengan capaian signifikan seperti tingkat keberhasilan de-orbit 95% (>760 satelit), sistem penghindaran tabrakan otomatis (>129.000 manuver/tahun), dan material dengan tingkat demisability hampir sempurna. Namun, terdapat tantangan seperti kompleksitas pengelolaan mega-konstelasi, ketidakpastian reentry, keterbatasan pelacakan debris kecil, dan ketiadaan kerangka hukum internasional mengikat terkait manajemen lalu lintas orbit (STM). Kepatuhan SpaceX terhadap pedoman UNCOPUOS mencerminkan komitmennya terhadap norma internasional di bidang lingkungan, khususnya dalam menjaga keberlanjutan luar angkasa melalui pengelolaan sampah antariksa yang bertanggung jawab. / SpaceX, as a leading space company, faces the challenge of managing space debris resulting from its Starlink satellite constellation. The increasing number of human-made objects in Earth's orbit during the 2019–2024 periode has significantly heightened the risk of collisions in space and threatens the long-term sustainability of outer space activities for the international community. This study aims to analyze SpaceX's mitigation efforts based on the UNCOPUOS guidelines from 2019 to 2024, using the concepts of space environment, space debris, and UNCOPUOS norms. A qualitative case study approach is employed, utilizing data from interviews and literature reviews. The findings show that SpaceX's mitigation efforts include controlled deorbit systems, satellite designs that minimize the risk of new debris, and advanced monitoring and collision avoidance technologies, including orbital traffic management and autonomous collision avoidance systems. SpaceX has internalized six key UNCOPUOS guidelines with significant achievements, such as a 95% deorbit success rate (over 760 satellites), over 129,000 automated collision avoidance maneuvers per year, and satellite materials with near-total demisability. However, challenges remain, including the complexity of managing a mega-constellation, uncertainties in reentry processes, limitations in tracking small debris, and the absence of a binding international legal framework for Space Traffic Management (STM). SpaceX’s compliance with UNCOPUOS guidelines reflects its commitment to international environmental norms, particularly in ensuring the sustainability of outer space through responsible space debris management.

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