Nathanael, Nikko (2025) Menelusuri Jejak Masalah Konflik Sudan Selatan yang Tak Kunjung Berakhir. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.
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Abstract
Konflik berkepanjangan di Sudan Selatan merupakan manifestasi dari akumulasi persoalan historis, struktural, dan politis yang berlapis dan kompleks. Sejak masa kolonial, wilayah selatan telah mengalami marginalisasi sistematis yang memisahkannya secara sosial, ekonomi, dan kultural dari utara. Kebijakan pecah-belah yang diterapkan selama era kolonial memperkuat segregasi identitas etnis dan agama, menciptakan jurang pemisah yang semakin dalam antara komunitas Arab-Muslim di utara dan kelompok Afrika non-Muslim di selatan. Setelah kemerdekaan Sudan tahun 1956, ketimpangan distribusi kekuasaan dan ketidakadilan ekonomi kian memperburuk hubungan antara pusat dan perifer. Protes terhadap dominasi politik dan sentralisme administratif memunculkan pemberontakan bersenjata yang disertai dengan retorika pemisahan diri, dan puncaknya adalah perang saudara yang melibatkan kekuatan bersenjata dari selatan yang menuntut pengakuan atas hak-hak kolektif dan otonomi daerah. Perjanjian damai yang tercapai pun kerap gagal diimplementasikan secara menyeluruh karena lemahnya kapasitas institusi negara dan resistensi elite yang lebih mementingkan konsolidasi kekuasaan dibanding rekonsiliasi nasional. Bahkan setelah kemerdekaan Sudan Selatan pada 2011, negara ini terus diguncang konflik internal yang diperparah oleh rivalitas etnis antara kelompok elite politik, perebutan sumber daya minyak, dan runtuhnya mekanisme perlindungan terhadap warga sipil. Negara gagal tercermin dalam absennya penegakan hukum, ketidakmampuan aparat keamanan menjaga netralitas, serta minimnya layanan publik dasar. Kondisi ini mendorong tumbuhnya milisi etnis bersenjata yang beroperasi di luar kendali pemerintah, menciptakan spiral kekerasan horizontal yang menyasar komunitas sipil secara langsung. Kepercayaan terhadap negara terus menurun, dan upaya perdamaian yang dimediasi oleh aktor regional maupun internasional hanya menghasilkan stabilitas semu yang mudah runtuh karena tidak menyentuh akar ketidaksetaraan struktural yang selama ini terabaikan. Dengan menelusuri jejak historis dan perkembangannkontemporer konflik, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan di Sudan Selatan tidak berdiri sendiri, melainkan merupakan refleksi dari tatanan negara yang gagal membentuk identitas kolektif, gagal mendistribusikan kekuasaan secara adil, dan gagal menciptakan kehidupan politik yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan. / The protracted conflict in South Sudan is a manifestation of deep-rooted historical, structural, and political crises that have evolved through multiple layers of complexity. Since the colonial era, the southern region has been subjected to systemic marginalization that isolated it socially, economically, and culturally from the northern part of Sudan. Colonial policies of division entrenched ethnic and religious segregation, creating a widening rift between the Arab-Muslim population in the north and the predominantly African, non-Muslim communities in the south. After Sudan’s independence in 1956, uneven power distribution and persistent economic disparities exacerbated tensions between the central government and peripheral regions. These grievances culminated in armed resistance fueled by demands for regional autonomy and collective rights. Despite the signing of peace agreements, the lack of institutional capacity, weak enforcement mechanisms, and the reluctance of political elites to embrace transformative reforms led to repeated breakdowns in the peace process. Following South Sudan’s independence in 2011, the country plunged into internal conflict marked by ethnic rivalry among ruling elites, fierce competition over oil resources, and the collapse of state authority. Signs of a failed state became increasingly evident: the absence of rule of law, compromised security institutions, and widespread failure to provide essential public services. In this vacuum, ethnic militias flourished and operated beyond the reach of state control, fueling horizontal violence that directly targeted civilian populations. Public trust in the state eroded further, and peace efforts though facilitated by regional and international actors—produced only superficial stability, easily shattered by unresolved structural inequalities. By tracing the historical trajectory and contemporary evolution of the conflict, this study demonstrates that violence in South Sudan cannot be reduced to inter-communal clashes or political rivalry alone; it is a reflection of a fundamentally broken state system that has failed to forge a unifying national identity, equitably share political power, and build inclusive, sustainable governance. Addressing the roots of this crisis demands more than political agreements; it requires long-term structural reform, justice, and the reimagining of citizenship beyond ethnic and factional lines.
Item Type: | Thesis (S1) | ||||||||
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Contributors: |
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Subjects: | POLITICAL SCIENCE > International relations | ||||||||
Divisions: | FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK > Ilmu Hubungan Internasional | ||||||||
Depositing User: | Mr Nikko Nathanael | ||||||||
Date Deposited: | 05 Aug 2025 02:50 | ||||||||
Last Modified: | 05 Aug 2025 02:50 | ||||||||
URI: | http://repository.uki.ac.id/id/eprint/19987 |
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