Strategi dan Upaya Tiongkok dalam Menandingi Pengaruh Astropolitik Amerika Serikat di Antariksa (2021-2025)

Sumarauw, Stefanly Mikhael Meyner Yudha (2025) Strategi dan Upaya Tiongkok dalam Menandingi Pengaruh Astropolitik Amerika Serikat di Antariksa (2021-2025). S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Persaingan antara dua kekuatan besar ini semakin intensif seiring meningkatnya kepentingan strategis antariksa dalam dimensi keamanan nasional, ekonomi, dan prestise global. Penelitian strategi dan upaya Tiongkok dalam menandingi pengaruh astropolitik Amerika Serikat di antariksa pada periode 2021–2025 menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif-analitis, penelitian ini menganalisis kebijakan dan program antariksa Tiongkok yang dirancang untuk mengimbangi dominasi AS. Secara teoritik, penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka Rational Choice Theory untuk menjelaskan bahwa kebijakan antariksa Tiongkok merupakan hasil dari kalkulasi rasional demi memaksimalkan keuntungan strategis nasional. Sementara itu, konsep Balance of Power digunakan untuk melihat bagaimana Tiongkok secara sistematis memperkuat posisi dan kemampuannya di sektor antariksa guna menyeimbangkan kekuatan AS dalam sistem internasional. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa Tiongkok menerapkan strategi multi-dimensi yang mencakup: (1) Peningkatan teknologi melalui program ambisius seperti Chang’e dan Tianwen; (2) Penguatan diplomasi luar angkasa melalui kolaborasi multilateral seperti ILRS; dan (3) Pembangunan infrastruktur antariksa mandiri seperti sistem navigasi BeiDou. Upaya tersebut mencerminkan ambisi Tiongkok untuk menjadi kekuatan astropolitik global, sekaligus berpotensi memicu ketegangan yang mempengaruhi stabilitas tatanan internasional. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi terhadap pemahaman dinamika kontemporer dalam rivalitas luar angkasa dan dampaknya terhadap politik global./Competition between these two major powers has intensified in line with the growing strategic importance of outer space in the realms of national security, economics, and global prestige. This research on China's strategies and efforts to counter the astropolitical influence of the United States in space during the 2021–2025 period employs a qualitative approach with descriptive-analytical methods. It analyzes China's space policies and programs designed to offset U.S. dominance. Theoretically, this study applies the Rational Choice Theory framework to explain that China’s space policies are the result of rational calculations aimed at maximizing national strategic gains. Meanwhile, the Balance of Power concept is used to examine how China systematically strengthens its position and capabilities in the space sector to balance U.S. power within the international system. The findings show that China adopts a multi-dimensional strategy, which includes: (1) Technological advancement through ambitious programs such as Chang’e and Tianwen; (2) Strengthening space diplomacy through multilateral collaborations like the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS); and (3) Development of independent space infrastructure such as the BeiDou navigation system. These efforts reflect China’s ambition to become a global astropolitical power, while also potentially triggering tensions that affect the stability of the international order. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the contemporary dynamics of space rivalry and its implications for global politics.

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