Sang Penanda Kosong: Xi Jinping dan Hegemoni Diskursif Cina di Asia Tenggara

Sinaga, Feny Cahyani (2025) Sang Penanda Kosong: Xi Jinping dan Hegemoni Diskursif Cina di Asia Tenggara. S1 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.

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Abstract

Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap representasi Xi Jinping sebagai “sang penanda kosong” dalam konstruksi hegemoni diskursif Cina di Asia Tenggara. Ia mengacu pada proyek Belt and Road Initiative, yang menawarkan pembangunan tanpa menonjolkan suprastruktur atau muatan ideologis. Melalui pendekatan teori hegemoni diskursif Ernesto Laclau dan Chantal Mouffe, yang menekankan bahwa identitas dan struktur politik dibentuk secara diskursif melalui bahasa, simbol, dan representasi, Xi menyampaikan makna pembangunan yang tidak final. Istilah istilah seperti “Community of Shared Future”, “Win-Win Cooperation”, “China Dream”, sengaja dibiarkan kosong, sehingga negara-negara di Asia Tenggara memiliki ruang yang lebih bebas dan fleksibel dalam mengartikulasikan kepentingan nasionalnya. Riset ini menggunakan metode penelitian genealogi Michel Foucault, yang mengungkap bahwa BRI berakar pada local wisdom Cina, yakni nilai-nilai Konfusianisme dan konsep Tianxia. Hasil temuan menunjukkan bahwa hegemoni bukanlah dominasi yang terlihat, melainkan absennya alternatif yang terdengar. Xi tidak berbicara banyak, melainkan dunia yang menerjemahkan dirinya sebagai simbol pembangunan dan harapan. Meskipun resistensi relatif minim di kawasan Asia Tenggara, penolakan yang signifikan justru datang dari Amerika Serikat (AS). Perang dagang antara AS dan Cina merupakan bentuk konkret dari upaya AS untuk melawan ekspansi hegemoni Cina. Kata Kunci: penanda kosong; hegemoni diskursif; Asia Tenggara; Belt and Road Initiative; Xi Jinping / This research aims to reveal Xi Jinping's representation as an “empty signifier” in the construction of Chinese discursive hegemony in Southeast Asia. It refers to the Belt and Road Initiative project, which offers development without emphasizing superstructure or ideological content. Through the discourse hegemony theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, which emphasizes that identity and political structures are formed discursively through language, symbols, and representations, Xi conveys the meaning of development that is not final. Terms such as “Community of Shared Future,” “Win-Win Cooperation,” and “China Dream” are deliberately left empty, allowing Southeast Asian countries greater freedom and flexibility in articulating their national interests. This research uses Michel Foucault's genealogical research method, which reveals that the BRI is rooted in Chinese local wisdom, namely Confucian values and the concept of Tianxia. The findings show that hegemony is not visible domination, but rather the absence of alternatives. Xi does not speak much, but the world interprets him as a symbol of development and hope. Although resistance is relatively minimal in Southeast Asia, significant opposition comes from the United States (US). The trade war between the US and China is a concrete form of the US's efforts to counter China's hegemonic expansion. Keywords: empty signifier; discursive hegemony; Southeast Asia; Belt and Road Initiative; Xi Jinping

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