Kandou, Heddy (2023) Tanggung Jawab Negara dalam Perlindungan Hukum bagi Debitur Terhadap Risiko Pengakhiran Perjanjian Fidusia. S3 thesis, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.
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Abstract
ABSTRAK Judul Disertasi : Tanggung Jawab Negara Dalam Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Debitur Terhadap Risiko Pengakhiran Perjanjian Fidusia Kata kunci : Tanggung Jawab, Negara, Risiko, Pengakhiran, jaminan fidusia Politik hukum jaminan fidusia berdasarkan Undang Undang Nomor 42 Tahun 1999 yang memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi debitur terhadap risiko pengakhiran perjanjian fidusia merupakan tanggung jawab negara memberikan perlindungan hukum tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Negara Kesejahteraa, Teori Tanggung Jawab, Teori Keadilan dan Tujuan Hukum, Teori Sistem Hukum, dan Teori Rekayasa Sosial sebagai pisau analisis untuk menjawan permasalahan dalam disertasi ini. Alasan penggunaan teori-teori tersebut adalah perjanjian fidusia tidak lepas dari kemungkinan terjadi pengakhiran akibat kebatalan perjanjian jaminan fidusia, dalam hal ini debitur harus mendapat perlindungan hukum dari negara untuk menjamin keadilan mengingat debitur selalu berada dalam posisi yang lemah. Keadilan tersebut dapat terwujud apabila asas keseimbangan dalam pembentukan kesepakatan kehendak diterapkan, di mana negara bertanggung jawab memberikan perlindungan kepada warganya yang untuk menguji hal tesebut, hukum harus berfungsi sebagai agen perubahan dan pembaharuan hukum. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif yang dilakukan sebagai upaya untuk mendapatkan data yang diperlukan sehubungan dengan permasalahan. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier. Di samping itu juga digunakan data primer sebagai pendukung bahan hukum data sekunder. Untuk analisis data dilakukan dengan metode analisis kualitatif. Dari penelitian diperoleh simpulan : Pertama, Terdapat risiko yang dihadapi oleh debitur sebagai akibat pengakhiran jaminan fidusia Pengakhiran jaminan fidusia tersebut disebabkan : a) wanprestasi dari debitur terhadap perjanjian pokok; b) tidak terpenuhinya persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh undang undang sebagai suatu perjanjian formil yang berakibat perjanjian batal demi hukum; c) karena cacat kehendak dan penyalahgunaan keadaan; dan d) akibat dibatalkanya perjanjian fidusia oleh pengadilan karena perjanjian pokok batal demi hukum. Risiko yang dihadapi oleh debitur tersebut adalah dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 (dua) : 1) Risiko pengakhiran perjanjian jaminan fidusia akibat wanprestasi, yaitu : a) Kreditur menuntut debitur membayaran lunas atas utang debitur tanpa melalui tuntutan pembatalan perjanjian; b) Kreditur menuntut pembatalan perjanjian pokok yang mengakibatkan batalnya perjanjian fidusia atau debitur wanprestasi justru mengajukan tuntutan pembatalan perjanjian pokok dan berakibat dibatalkannya perjanjian fidusia; 2) Risiko debitur akibat pengakhiran jaminan fidusia karena kebatalan perjanjian pokok maupun perjanjian jaminan fidusia, baik karena batal demi hukum maupun dibatalkan/diminta pembatalannya kepada hakim adalah bahwa perjanjian harus kembali ke dalam keadaan semula seolah-olah tidak terjadi perjanjian. Sehingga risiko yang dihadapi debitur adalah debitur jaminan fidusia dalam perjanjian pembiayaan konsumen harus membayar dan mengembalikan seluruh uang yang diterima untuk membeli objek jaminan fidusia dan atau menyerahkan objek jaminan fidusia kepada kreditur. Kedua, Terhadap risiko yang dihadapi debitur akibat pengakhiran jaminan fidusia, debitur haruslah mendapat perlindungan hukum karena dengan pengakhiran jaminan fidusia keadaan akan kembali kepada keadaan semula seolah-olah tidak pernah terjadi perjanjian fidusia, sehingga tidak ada pihak yang boleh dirugikan. Perlindungan hukum tersebut meliputi : 1) Perlindungan hukum preventif, yaitu : a) memberikan aturan yang bersifat memaksa dilakukannya kewajiban pendaftaran fidusia; b) Menghindari kesepakatan dilandasi karena penyalahgunaan keadaan belum ada aturan hukumnya dan hanya berdasarkan Yurisprudensi; c) Perjanjian/perikatan harus dilaksanakan dengan itikad baik, sesuai Pasal 1338 ayat 3 KUHPerdata, Pasal 1266 KUHPerdata, dan pasal 4c UU No. 8 Tahun 1999, di mana konsumen berhak memiliki informasi yang benar jelas dan jujur mengenai kondisi jaminan barang/jasa; d) Dalam penyelesaian sengketa masyarakat perlu tahu adanya lembaga perlindungan konsumen; 2) Perlindungan hukum represif,di mana pembatalan perjanjian tersebut dilakukan oleh hakim, maka hakim dalam memutus sengketa harus dapat memberikan putusan yang dapat memberikan kepastian dan perlindungan pada para pihak, karena putusan hakim merupakan proses pembentukan hukum dengan menerapkan peraturan sebagai konkretisasi peraturan hukum yang bersifat umum (das sollen) dengan mengingat akan peristiwa konkrit (das sein) tertentu. Ketiga, Perlindungan negara terhadap warga negara merupakan salah satu hak warga negara yang dijelmakan dalam Pasal 28D ayat (1) UUD NRI 1945. Oleh karenanya negara bertanggung jawab memberikan perlindungan yang memberikan kepastian hukum dan keadilan bagi debitur hukum terhadap risiko akibat pengakhiran jaminan fidusia, yang diberikan oleh negara dengan melalui : 1) Konstruksi Hukum Jaminan Fidusia yang terdiri dari : a) Konstruksi itikad baik sebagai budaya hukum dalam pengikatan perjanjian pokok dan pengikatan Jaminan Fidusia; b) Konstruksi Hukum Ketentuan Pasal 5 UU No. 42 Tahun 1999 terkait bentuk akta Notaris sebagai ketentuan memaksa; dan c) Konstruksi hukum ketentuan Pasal 11 UU No. 42 Tahun 1999 terkait Kewajiban Pendaftaran Jaminan Fidusia Sebagai bentuk kepastian hukum bagi debitur dan kreditur; 2) Pembaharuan Hukum Jaminan Kebendaan Fidusia yang mengikuti perkembangan kebutuhan masyarakat dan perkembangan ekonomi Indonesia; 3) Menerapkan sistem Modern Pendaftaran Jaminan Fidusia secara online yang lebih memberikan kepastian hukum atas pemenuhan asas publisitas; 4) Pembaharuan Undang Undang Perlindungan Konsumen dengan memberikan Kepastian Hukum terkait hak konsumen yang meliputi : hak dipenuhinya kewajiban pendaftaran fidusia sebagai bentuk perlindungan konsumen/debitur dari ketidakadilan akibat pengakhiran jaminan fidusia; b) hak kesempatan bernegosiasi dan melunasi utang saat debitur wanprestasi dengan kewajiban tertunggak 10% tanpa paksaan untuk eksekusi; dan hak kesempatan bernegosiasi pada perjanjian baku/klausula baku pada (perjanjian jaminan fidusia notaril). Rekomendasi : Pertama, Kepada Pelaku usaha pembiayaan konsumen (debitur) agar dalam pembuatan perjanjian jaminan fidusia memperhatikan syarat formil sehingga perjanjian tidak mengandung cacat formil yang mengakibatkan perjanjian dapat dibatalkan; dan tidak memanfaatkan kedudukan tidak seimbang yang dapat menimbulkan perjanjian mengandung penyalahgunaan keadaan. Kedua, Mengingat debitur harus mendapat perlindungan hukum dari akibat pengakhiran jaminan fidusia, maka kepada Pemerintah agar segera membuat aturan hukum mengenai penyalahgunaan keadaan dan standar muatan yang harus termuat dalam akta jaminan fidusia agar dapat memberikan kepastian hukum. Ketiga, Kepada Pemerintah segera merealisasi pembaharuan Undang Undang Jaminan Fidusia yang meliputi : a) kewajiban pendaftaran dan menerapkan sanksi; b) kewajiban pembuatan akta jaminan fidusia dan penerapan sanksi; c) harus dibuat dalam perjanjian ketentuan pengakhiran karena wanprestasi jika sisa kewajiban 10% atau kurang; d) SKMF harus berbentuk akta otentik karena SKMF nantikan akan dijadikan alas hak bagi kreditur membuat akta pembebanan jaminan fidusia di hadapan Notaris dan juga segera melakukan pembaharuan Undang Undang Perlindungan Konsumen terkait perlindungan hak-hak konsumen terkait perjanjian baku yang memberikan hak kosumen untuk dapat melakukan negosiasi atas perjanjian baku tersebut. / ABSTRACT Dissertation Title :State Responsibility In Legal Protection For Debtors Against The Risk Of Termination Of Fiduciary Agreements Keywords: Liability, State, Risk, Termination, fiduciary guarantee The legal politics of fiduciary guarantees based on Law Number 42 of 1999 which provides legal protection for debtors against the risk of termination of fiduciary agreements is the responsibility of the state to provide such legal protection. This research uses the Welfare State Theory, Responsibility Theory, Justice Theory and Legal Purpose, Legal Systems Theory , and Social Engineering Theory as an analysis knife to explore the problems in this dissertation. The reason for using these theories is that the fiduciary agreement cannot be separated from the possibility of termination due to the invalidity of the fiduciary guarantee agreement, in this case the debtor must receive legal protection from the state to guarantee justice considering that the debtor is always in a weak position. Such justice can be realized if the principle of balance in the formation of an agreement of will is applied, in which the state is responsible for providing protection to its citizens who in order to test this, the law must serve as an agent of change and renewal of the law. The method usedin this study is normative legal research which is carried out as an effort to obtain the necessary data related to the problem. The data used are secondary data consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. In addition, primary data is also used as a support for secondary data legal materials. For data analysis is carried out by qualitative analysis methods. From the research it is concluded that: First, there is a risk faced by the debtor as a result of the termination of the fiduciary guarantee The termination of the fiduciary guarantee is due to: a) default of the debtor on the principal agreement; b) non-fulfillment of the requirements stipulated by law as a formal agreement which results in the agreement being null and void; c) due to defects of will and abuse of circumstances; and d) as a result of the cancellation of the fiduciary agreement by the court because the main agreement is null and void by law. The risks faced by the debtor can be divided into 2 (two): 1) The risk of termination of the fiduciary guarantee agreement due to default, namely: a) The creditor demands that the debtor pay in full the debtor's debt without going through demands for cancellation of the agreement; b) The creditor demands the cancellation of the main agreement which results in the cancellation of the fiduciary agreement or the default debtor actually submits a demand for the cancellation of the main agreement and results in the cancellation of the fiduciary agreement; 2) The debtor's risk due to the termination of the fiduciary guarantee due to the cancellation of the main agreement or the fiduciary guarantee agreement, either because it is null and void or canceled/requested for cancellation by the judge is that the agreement must return to its original state as if no agreement had occurred. So that the risk faced by the debtor is that the fiduciary guarantee debtor in the consumer financing agreement must pay and return all the money received to buy the fiduciary guarantee object and or hand over the fiduciary guarantee object to the creditor. Second, regarding the risks faced by the debtor due to the termination of the fiduciary guarantee, the debtor must receive legal protection because with the termination of the fiduciary guarantee, the situation will return to its original state as if there had never been a fiduciary agreement, so that no party may be harmed. Such legal protection includes: 1) Preventive legal protection, namely: a) providing regulations that compel the fulfillment of fiduciary registration obligations; b) Avoiding agreements based on misuse of circumstances that do not yet have legal rules and are only based on jurisprudence; c) The agreement/agreement must be carried out in good faith, in accordance with Article 1338 paragraph 3 of the Civil Code, Article 1266 of the Civil Code, and Article 4c of Law no. 8 of 1999, in which consumers have the right to have correct, clear and honest information regarding the condition of the guarantee of goods/services; d) In resolving disputes, the public needs to know about the existence of a consumer protection agency; 2) Repressive legal protection, where the cancellation of the agreement is carried out by the judge, the judge in deciding the dispute must be able to provide a decision that can provide certainty and protection to the parties, because the judge's decision is a process of establishing law by applying regulations as a concretization of legal regulations that are general (das sollen) by remembering certain concrete events (das sein). Third, state protection of citizens is one of the rights of citizens embodied in Article 28D paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Therefore the state is responsible for providing protection that provides legal certainty and justice for legal debtors against risks resulting from termination of fiduciary guarantees, which granted by the state through: 1) Construction of Fiduciary Guarantee Law which consists of: a) Construction of good faith as a legal culture in binding the main agreement and binding Fiduciary Guarantees; b) Legal Construction Provisions of Article 5 Law no. 42 of 1999 regarding the form of a Notary deed as a compelling provision; and c) Legal construction provisions of Article 11 Law no. 42 of 1999 regarding the Obligation to Register Fiduciary Guarantees as a form of legal certainty for debtors and creditors; 2) Renewal of the Fiduciary Material Guarantee Law to keep pace with developments in society's needs and Indonesia's economic development; 3) Implementing the Modern system of online registration of Fiduciary Guarantees which provides more legal certainty for fulfilling the principle of publicity; 4) Renewal of the Consumer Protection Act by providing Legal Certainty related to consumer rights which includes: the right to fulfill fiduciary registration obligations as a form of consumer/debtor protection from injustice resulting from termination of fiduciary guarantees; b) the right to negotiate and pay off debts when the debtor is in default with an arrears of 10% without coercion for execution; and the right of opportunity to negotiate on standard agreements/standard clauses on (notarial fiduciary guarantee agreements). Recommendations: First, Consumer financing business actors (debtors) should pay attention to the formal requirements in making a fiduciary agreement so that the agreement does not contain any formal defects which can result in the agreement being cancelled; and not take advantage of an unequal position which could result in an agreement containing abuse of circumstances. Second, considering that the debtor must receive legal protection from the consequences of terminating the fiduciary guarantee, the government should immediately make legal regulations regarding the abuse of circumstances and standards of content that must be contained in the fiduciary guarantee deed in order to provide legal certainty. Third, for the Government to immediately realize the renewal of the Fiduciary Guarantee Law which includes: a) the obligation to register and apply sanctions; b) the obligation to draw up a fiduciary guarantee deed and apply sanctions; c) must be made in the agreement terms of termination due to default if the remaining liability is 10% or less; d) SKMF must be in the form of an authentic deed because SKMF is expected to be used as the basis for rights for creditors to make a deed of imposing fiduciary guarantees before a Notary and also immediately reform the Consumer Protection Act related to the protection of consumer rights regarding standard agreements that give consumers rights to be able to negotiate on the standard agreement.
Item Type: | Thesis (S3) | ||||||||||||||||
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Subjects: | LAW | ||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | PROGRAM PASCASARJANA > Doktor Hukum | ||||||||||||||||
Depositing User: | Users 4500 not found. | ||||||||||||||||
Date Deposited: | 05 Mar 2024 08:15 | ||||||||||||||||
Last Modified: | 05 Mar 2024 08:15 | ||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://repository.uki.ac.id/id/eprint/13975 |
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